V2V Communication QoS Comparison of Reactive and Proactive Protocols: A Simulation-Based Evaluation in Urban and Highway Scenarios

Rulliansyah Sugianto; Ketut Bayu Yogha Bintoro; Ade  Syahputra

doi:10.33998/processor.2025.20.1.2206

Authors

Rulliansyah Sugianto Universitas Trilogi
Ketut Bayu Yogha Bintoro Universitas Trilogi
Ade Syahputra Universitas Trilogi

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33998/processor.2025.20.1.2206

Keywords:

LA-AODV, AODV, VANET, V2V Communication

Abstract

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are crucial for modern intelligent transportation systems and can significantly enhance road safety and traffic efficiency through reliable vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. This research focuses on improving road safety and addresses the challenges of maintaining stable communication in dynamic environments. We evaluate the performance of three routing protocols: Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Learning Automata-enhanced AODV (LA-AODV), and Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) under various traffic scenarios. We use NS-3 for simulation to analyze real-world urban and highway traffic models with differing vehicle densities and mobility patterns. Essential Quality of Service (QoS) metrics, including packet delivery ratio, packet loss ratio, throughput, end-to-end delay, and jitter, help identify the most effective protocol. Our findings show that LA-AODV consistently outperforms AODV and DSDV, especially in highway settings, achieving a throughput of 40.538 Kbps and a packet loss ratio of 73.67%. However, further optimization is needed to lower the end-to-end delay for time-sensitive applications. These results are not just academic findings, but practical tools for the development of more efficient and reliable VANET routing protocols. They provide actionable insights that can inform and prepare you for enhancing communication in intelligent transportation systems.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

H. Ouamna, Z. Madini, and Y. Zouine, “Review article: Optimization of a V2V communication in cognitive radio context,” 2021 Int. Conf. Optim. Appl. ICOA 2021, pp. 2–7, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ICOA51614.2021.9442643.

P. Sharma and S. Jain, “Review of VANET challenges and protocol for architecture design and intelligent traffic system,” 2nd Int. Conf. Data, Eng. Appl. IDEA 2020, 2020, doi: 10.1109/IDEA49133.2020.9170685.

M. Khakifirooz, M. Fathi, and L. Du, “Reliability Assessment of Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication Networks through Headway Distribution and Information Propagation Delay,” Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect., vol. 24, no. February, p. 101053, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.trip.2024.101053.

D. Chen, M. Zhao, D. Sun, L. Zheng, S. Jin, and J. Chen, “Robust H∞ control of cooperative driving system with external disturbances and communication delays in the vicinity of traffic signals,” Phys. A Stat. Mech. its Appl., vol. 542, p. 123385, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.physa.2019.123385.

W. Ji et al., “Traffic accidents of autonomous vehicles based on knowledge mapping: A review,” J. Traffic Transp. Eng. (English Ed., vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 1061–1073, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jtte.2023.09.003.

U. Archana and A. C. Anilkumar, “A Cognitive V2V Communication System Model Using Active User Cooperation in 3D-GBSM Channel,” 4th Int. Conf. Comput. Commun. Signal Process. ICCCSP 2020, pp. 18–21, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ICCCSP49186.2020.9315286.

A. N. Upadhyaya and J. S. Shah, “AODV routing protocol implementation in VANET,” Int. J. Adv. Res. Eng. Technol., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 585–595, 2019, doi: 10.34218/IJARET.10.2.2019.055.

K. B. Y. Bintoro and T. K. Priyambodo, “Learning Automata-Based AODV to Improve V2V Communication in A Dynamic Traffic Simulation,” Int. J. Intell. Eng. Syst., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 666–678, 2024, doi: 10.22266/ijies2024.0229.56.

F. Tabbana, “Performance Analysis of AODV, DSDV and ZRP Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks using NS2 Tool,” pp. 279–297, 2020, doi: 10.5121/csit.2020.100525.

M. M. Hamdi, L. Audah, S. A. Rashid, A. H. Mohammed, S. Alani, and A. S. Mustafa, “A Review of Applications, Characteristics and Challenges in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs),” HORA 2020 - 2nd Int. Congr. Human-Computer Interact. Optim. Robot. Appl. Proc., 2020, doi: 10.1109/HORA49412.2020.9152928.

S. Salah, R. Zaghal, and M. Abdeljawad, “A Mathematical-Based Model for Estimating the Path Duration of the DSDV Routing Protocol in MANETs,” J. Sens. Actuator Networks, vol. 11, no. 2, 2022, doi: 10.3390/jsan11020023.

A. Al-Ahwal and R. A. Mahmoud, “Performance Evaluation and Discrimination of AODV and AOMDV VANET Routing Protocols Based on RRSE Technique,” Wirel. Pers. Commun., vol. 128, no. 1, pp. 321–344, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s11277-022-09957-8.

K. Bayu, Y. Bintoro, A. Syahputra, A. H. Rismanto, and M. Marchenko, “THE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF REACTIVE AND PROACTIVE ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR V2V COMMUNICATION IN DYNAMIC TRAFFIC SIMULATION,” J. Tek. Inform., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1277–1285, 2024, [Online]. Available: http://jutif.if.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/jurnal/article/view/2237

T. K. Priyambodo, D. Wijayanto, and M. S. Gitakarma, “Performance optimization of MANET networks through routing protocol analysis,” Computers, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2021, doi: 10.3390/computers10010002.

K. B. Y. Bintoro, T. K. Priyambodo, and Y. P. Sardjono, “Smart AODV routing protocol strategies based on learning automata to improve V2V communication quality of service in VANET,” Kinet. Game Technol. Inf. Syst. Comput. Network, Comput. Electron. Control, vol. 4, no. 3, 2024, [Online]. Available: https://kinetik.umm.ac.id/index.php/kinetik/article/view/1969/124124397

K. Bayu, Y. Bintoro, M. Marchenko, R. C. Saputra, A. Syahputra, and D. National, “Performance Analysis of AODV and DSDV Routing Protocols for UDP Communication in,” Sinkron, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 2287–2297, 2024.

F. Belamri, S. Boulfekhar, and D. Aissani, “A survey on QoS routing protocols in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET),” Telecommun. Syst., vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 117–153, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11235-021-00797-8.

M. Wahl, P. Sondi, and L. Rivoirard, “Enhanced CBL clustering performance versus GRP, OLSR and AODV in vehicular Ad Hoc networks,” Telecommun. Syst., vol. 76, no. 4, pp. 525–540, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11235-020-00734-1.

K. Afzal, R. Tariq, F. Aadil, Z. Iqbal, N. Ali, and M. Sajid, “An Optimized and Efficient Routing Protocol Application for IoV,” Math. Probl. Eng., vol. 2021, 2021, doi: 10.1155/2021/9977252.

L. Hota, B. P. Nayak, A. Kumar, B. Sahoo, and G. G. M. N. Ali, “A Performance Analysis of VANETs Propagation Models and Routing Protocols,” Sustain., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1–20, 2022, doi: 10.3390/su14031379.

A. Bhatia et al., “Networked control system with MANET communication and AODV routing,” Heliyon, vol. 8, no. 11, p. e11678, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11678.

B. A. Kumar, M. V. Subramanyam, and K. S. Prasad, “An energy efficient clustering using k-means and AODV routing protocol in Ad-hoc networks,” Int. J. Intell. Eng. Syst., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 125–134, 2019, doi: 10.22266/IJIES2019.0430.13.

W. Xiong and Q.-Q. Li, “Performance evaluation of data disseminations for vehicular ad hoc networks in highway scenarios,” Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci., vol. 37, pp. 1015–1020, 2015.

P. K. Shrivastava and L. K. Vishwamitra, “Comparative analysis of proactive and reactive routing protocols in VANET environment,” Meas. Sensors, vol. 16, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.measen.2021.100051.

E. Safrianti, L. O. Sari, and F. Saputri, “Performance Analysis Of DSDV, AOMDV and ZRP Routing Protocols Application Simulation In Pekanbaru Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET),” Bul. Pos dan Telekomun., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 127–144, 2020, doi: 10.17933/bpostel.2020.180204.

A. T. Sasongko, G. Jati, B. Hardian, and W. Jatmiko, “The reliability of routing protocols as an important factor for road safety applications in VANET-based autonomous cars,” J. Comput. Sci., vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 768–783, 2020, doi: 10.3844/JCSSP.2020.768.783.

A. E. Mezher, A. A. AbdulRazzaq, and R. K. Hassoun, “A comparison of the performance of the ad hoc on-demand distance vector protocol in the urban and highway environment,” Indones. J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci., vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 1509–1515, 2023, doi: 10.11591/ijeecs.v30.i3.pp1509-1515.

T. Kimura and H. Saito, “Theoretical Broadcast Rate Optimization for V2V Communications at Intersection,” IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput., vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 3360–3372, 2022, doi: 10.1109/TMC.2021.3051956.